What is Diabetes? Merck 1950. Part 1. March 21, 2019

Diabetes is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism due to inadequate production or utilization of insulin and characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polydigia, pruritus, weaknesses, and loss of weight.
The Merck Manual.
Eight Edition.
Published by Merck & CO,. Inc. Rahway , N.J., U.S.A. 1950

     This definition of diabetes was published in 1950 by The Merck and CO. After insulin discovery and before 1980 when WHO published recommendations to define diabetes and how to treat it, there were studies. Many studies. In every one study or treatment recommendations  insulin was present as first lime medicine after diet and exercise. In 1980 WHO published recommendation to a new classification of diabetes, I rather say, diabetics. In present time it took me a lot of time and money spent to finally find out how diagnose diabetes type 2 took off.  Before 1980 diabetes type 2 was not in diagnose, and it was not so popular. More then that, children as little as 9 years old were treated with SU. Today this therapy only for adults type 2 diabetics, never for type 1 diabetics. I wonder, if child diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, would this child treated with SU, glipizide? Most important, for how long this child would need medicine?
       Level of sugar was diagnostic criteria as in 1950, the same right now, in 2019. Still, the numbers of normal or abnormal reading changing with time.  Why? If one is ill then mark of diagnostic is different from marks of healthy individual. Abnormal marks must be elevated or less then those who are healthy.
  Hyperglycimia 160/180 mg/dl.
In present time it is 200 mg/dl random readings.
     Glucosuria is the excretion of glucose into urine.
In present time this rarely checked because of level of sugar in blood is more accurate, and diagnostic can be done early then with test of urine. Glycosuria may be caused by high level of sugar in blood, or excessive loss of water into urine, ostomac diuresis.
       In healthy way there are mechanism that prevent glucose from sleeping into urine by re-absorption sugar from urine and sent it back into blood stream. In present time there is medicine to brake this healthy way and prevent re-absortion of sugar by kidney, medicine such as Invokana and its-like. Involana works as very strong diuretic. Invokana lead to weight loss, so it is widely welcome as medicine. But the price is too high. Not price in $$$$ but price in damage Invokana bring to those who take it, to diabetics type 2.
   Polydipsia Is excessive thirst of excess drinking of water. So, in one hand body try to get rid of water. On another hand, water must be replaced as soon as it was discharged. The effect which can be very good to clean system and get rid of wastes. This cannot work forever. With time kidney fail and water stay in body of diabetic, between cells. The condition known as Edema, Water Retention. Highly increased weight, and size of body. No one diet or calorie counting will bring weight down. Only in final stage of this condition  water going down, sugar in blood getting severely up, heart failure or Pulmonary Embolism, or many other names of such condition end suffering and life.
       Pruritis is dry skin or itching. Skin get red, rough, leathery or scaly, bumpy, creaked, and often infected. Carbuncles, other skin infections, eye infections including, very often accompany diabetics.
    
      What caused diabetes? This question is still open, even after insulin discovery so long time ago.
Before 1980 there were many studies. In present time all studies replaced by Cook Bock Recipes. Modern Medicine has nothing to suggest, but only  Healthy Life Style. Is this humor? Not at all. When patient come to doctor and his or her level of sugar elevated, what treatment MD suggest? Healthy life style. This is treatment, recommendations, advice, anything one wish to name. What is not in any Cook Book Studies or Cook Book Medicine, is benefits for patient, relieve, or cure. Nothing. In modern time Medical Care better to be named MC, Money Collectors. Regardless how many clinics, or how often diabetic type 2 come to visit, the result of any visit, and all of them together is recommendation: Healthy Life Style. The problem is only one, how to be healthy if one is ill?
      Cause of diabetes:
Damage of insulin producing cells.
When this damage started? Does it started because of too much calorie consumption? If so then why it is caused diabetes? Damage causing must be treated long before blood sugar started to take off. But it is not. Diabetes diagnose based on level of sugar in blood, and the process of damage of insulin secreted cells already in full bloom.
Prolonged, continues high blood sugar  produce permanent damage.
      So, it is already  process which leads to diabetes started long before  diabetes will be diagnosed. At first Beta Cells damaged by unknown cause, and then because of damage insulin secreting cells blood sugar rising, leading to development of diabetes. How diet can help to fix damage of Beta Cells? The cause of this damage is unknown. The treatment is universal: Starvation.
Increasing insulin requirement.
This may cause of diabetes. So, increased need in energy which is obvious during exercise, does not lead to reverse of diabetes, but leads to right opposite result, increased beta cells damage and decreased insulin secretion.
    No one of these cause of diabetes prove that high carb or calorie consumption leads to development of diabetes. No one. To say that any meal consumption leads to increased damage on insulin secreting beta cells at first must be presented evidence of such effect. There is no one evidence to blame diabetics that diabetics type 2  developed diabetes by high consumption fat or carbs or proteins, or calories.  No prove for that so far.
The pituitary gland, adrenal glands. 
In experimental animals pancreas was removed, and diabetes was developed right away, with fatal result withing two weeks. But it is not only pancreas removal leads to diabetes development. Removal of pituitary gland (the pituitary controls the function of most other endocrine glands and is therefore sometimes called the master gland) give the same result, diabetes. Removal of both adrenal glands, also responsible for hormone secretion, and healthy metabolism, leads to diabetes development.
Heredity play significant role in diabetes. But if so then even diabetes happen as a result of heavy calorie consumption by grandmother, it does not mean that granddaughter must be blamed in diabetes development.  Any victim of diabetes must be treated with respect and right medicine, without discrimination and abuse. The treatment with insulin is costly, but most effective. It works for everyone with elevated blood sugar as in first stage of diabetes development such in last stage of it, for little one and for old one.
Infections.
It is difficult to say, does infection caused diabetes or diabetes caused infection? Both way the result is the same, increased demand in insulin to fight this infection. This is why it is important that level of sugar in blood be Vital, as it is Temperature of body and blood pressure. Regardless of cause if level of sugar elevated in blood, insulin therapy must be started.  Insulin can be injected even when there is no increased blood sugar, just to stimulate recovery. Dose of insulin less then 10 units is effective and safe for any non diabetic patient.

via Ravenvoron